Add docs for 'setting up your first cluster' (#6544)
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@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ vagrant up
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- [Requirements](#requirements)
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- [Kubespray vs ...](docs/comparisons.md)
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- [Getting started](docs/getting-started.md)
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- [Setting up your first cluster](docs/setting-up-your-first-cluster.md)
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- [Ansible inventory and tags](docs/ansible.md)
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- [Integration with existing ansible repo](docs/integration.md)
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- [Deployment data variables](docs/vars.md)
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@ -135,3 +135,8 @@ cd inventory/mycluster/artifacts
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```
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If desired, copy admin.conf to ~/.kube/config.
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## Setting up your first cluster
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[Setting up your first cluster](/docs/setting-up-your-first-cluster.md) is an
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applied step-by-step guide for setting up your first cluster with Kubespray.
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@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
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# Setting up your first cluster with Kubespray
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This tutorial walks you through the detailed steps for setting up Kubernetes
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with [Kubespray](https://kubespray.io/).
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The guide is inspired on the tutorial [Kubernetes The Hard Way](https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way), with the
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difference that here we want to showcase how to spin up a Kubernetes cluster
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in a more managed fashion with Kubespray.
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## Target Audience
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The target audience for this tutorial is someone looking for a
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hands-on guide to get started with Kubespray.
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## Cluster Details
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* [kubespray](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray) v2.13.x
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* [kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) v1.17.9
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## Prerequisites
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* Google Cloud Platform: This tutorial leverages the [Google Cloud Platform](https://cloud.google.com/) to streamline provisioning of the compute infrastructure required to bootstrap a Kubernetes cluster from the ground up. [Sign up](https://cloud.google.com/free/) for $300 in free credits.
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* Google Cloud Platform SDK: Follow the Google Cloud SDK [documentation](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/) to install and configure the `gcloud` command
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line utility. Make sure to set a default compute region and compute zone.
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* The [kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) command line utility is used to interact with the Kubernetes
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API Server.
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* Linux or Mac environment with Python 3
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## Provisioning Compute Resources
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Kubernetes requires a set of machines to host the Kubernetes control plane and the worker nodes where containers are ultimately run. In this lab you will provision the compute resources required for running a secure and highly available Kubernetes cluster across a single [compute zone](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones).
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### Networking
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The Kubernetes [networking model](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#kubernetes-model) assumes a flat network in which containers and nodes can communicate with each other. In cases where this is not desired [network policies](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/) can limit how groups of containers are allowed to communicate with each other and external network endpoints.
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> Setting up network policies is out of scope for this tutorial.
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#### Virtual Private Cloud Network
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In this section a dedicated [Virtual Private Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/networks-and-firewalls#networks) (VPC) network will be setup to host the Kubernetes cluster.
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Create the `kubernetes-the-kubespray-way` custom VPC network:
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```ShellSession
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gcloud compute networks create kubernetes-the-kubespray-way --subnet-mode custom
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```
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A [subnet](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/vpc/#vpc_networks_and_subnets) must be provisioned with an IP address range large enough to assign a private IP address to each node in the Kubernetes cluster.
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Create the `kubernetes` subnet in the `kubernetes-the-hard-way` VPC network:
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```ShellSession
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gcloud compute networks subnets create kubernetes \
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--network kubernetes-the-kubespray-way \
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--range 10.240.0.0/24
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```
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> The `10.240.0.0/24` IP address range can host up to 254 compute instances.
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#### Firewall Rules
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Create a firewall rule that allows internal communication across all protocols.
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It is important to note that the ipip protocol has to be allowed in order for
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the calico (see later) networking plugin to work.
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```ShellSession
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gcloud compute firewall-rules create kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-internal \
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--allow tcp,udp,icmp,ipip \
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--network kubernetes-the-kubespray-way \
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--source-ranges 10.240.0.0/24
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```
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Create a firewall rule that allows external SSH, ICMP, and HTTPS:
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```ShellSession
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gcloud compute firewall-rules create kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-external \
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--allow tcp:80,tcp:6443,tcp:443,tcp:22,icmp \
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--network kubernetes-the-kubespray-way \
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--source-ranges 0.0.0.0/0
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```
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It is not feasible to restrict the firewall to a specific IP address from
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where you are accessing the cluster as the nodes also communicate over the public internet and would otherwise run into
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this firewall. Technically you could limit the firewall to the (fixed) IP
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addresses of the cluster nodes and the remote IP addresses for accessing the
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cluster.
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### Compute Instances
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The compute instances in this lab will be provisioned using [Ubuntu Server](https://www.ubuntu.com/server) 18.04.
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Each compute instance will be provisioned with a fixed private IP address and
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a public IP address (that can be fixed - see [guide](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/ip-addresses/reserve-static-external-ip-address)).
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Using fixed public IP addresses has the advantage that our cluster node
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configuration does not need to be updated with new public IP addresses every
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time the machines are shut down and later on restarted.
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Create three compute instances which will host the Kubernetes control plane:
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```ShellSession
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for i in 0 1 2; do
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gcloud compute instances create controller-${i} \
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--async \
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--boot-disk-size 200GB \
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--can-ip-forward \
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--image-family ubuntu-1804-lts \
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--image-project ubuntu-os-cloud \
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--machine-type e2-standard-2 \
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--private-network-ip 10.240.0.1${i} \
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--scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring \
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--subnet kubernetes \
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--tags kubernetes-the-kubespray-way,controller
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done
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```
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> Do not forget to fix the IP addresses if you plan on re-using the cluster
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after temporarily shutting down the VMs - see [guide](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/ip-addresses/reserve-static-external-ip-address)
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Create three compute instances which will host the Kubernetes worker nodes:
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```ShellSession
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for i in 0 1 2; do
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gcloud compute instances create worker-${i} \
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--async \
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--boot-disk-size 200GB \
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--can-ip-forward \
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--image-family ubuntu-1804-lts \
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--image-project ubuntu-os-cloud \
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--machine-type e2-standard-2 \
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--private-network-ip 10.240.0.2${i} \
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--scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring \
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--subnet kubernetes \
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--tags kubernetes-the-kubespray-way,worker
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done
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```
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> Do not forget to fix the IP addresses if you plan on re-using the cluster
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after temporarily shutting down the VMs - see [guide](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/ip-addresses/reserve-static-external-ip-address)
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List the compute instances in your default compute zone:
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```ShellSession
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gcloud compute instances list --filter="tags.items=kubernetes-the-kubespray-way"
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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NAME ZONE MACHINE_TYPE PREEMPTIBLE INTERNAL_IP EXTERNAL_IP STATUS
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controller-0 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.10 XX.XX.XX.XXX RUNNING
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controller-1 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.11 XX.XXX.XXX.XX RUNNING
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controller-2 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.12 XX.XXX.XX.XXX RUNNING
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worker-0 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.20 XX.XX.XXX.XXX RUNNING
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worker-1 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.21 XX.XX.XX.XXX RUNNING
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worker-2 us-west1-c e2-standard-2 10.240.0.22 XX.XXX.XX.XX RUNNING
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```
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### Configuring SSH Access
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Kubespray is relying on SSH to configure the controller and worker instances.
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Test SSH access to the `controller-0` compute instance:
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```ShellSession
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IP_CONTROLLER_0=$(gcloud compute instances list --filter="tags.items=kubernetes-the-kubespray-way AND name:controller-0" --format="value(EXTERNAL_IP)")
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USERNAME=$(whoami)
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ssh $USERNAME@$IP_CONTROLLER_0
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```
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If this is your first time connecting to a compute instance SSH keys will be
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generated for you. In this case you will need to enter a passphrase at the
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prompt to continue.
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> If you get a 'Remote host identification changed!' warning, you probably
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already connected to that IP address in the past with another host key. You
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can remove the old host key by running `ssh-keygen -R $IP_CONTROLLER_0`
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Please repeat this procedure for all the controller and worker nodes, to
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ensure that SSH access is properly functioning for all nodes.
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## Set-up Kubespray
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The following set of instruction is based on the [Quick Start](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray) but slightly altered for our
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set-up.
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As Ansible is a python application, we will create a fresh virtual
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environment to install the dependencies for the Kubespray playbook:
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```ShellSession
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python3 -m venv venv
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source venv/bin/activate
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```
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Next, we will git clone the Kubespray code into our working directory:
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```ShellSession
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git clone https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray.git
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cd kubespray
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git checkout release-2.13
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```
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Now we need to install the dependencies for Ansible to run the Kubespray
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playbook:
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```ShellSession
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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```
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Copy ``inventory/sample`` as ``inventory/mycluster``:
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```ShellSession
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cp -rfp inventory/sample inventory/mycluster
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```
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Update Ansible inventory file with inventory builder:
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```ShellSession
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declare -a IPS=($(gcloud compute instances list --filter="tags.items=kubernetes-the-kubespray-way" --format="value(EXTERNAL_IP)" | tr '\n' ' '))
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CONFIG_FILE=inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml python3 contrib/inventory_builder/inventory.py ${IPS[@]}
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```
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Open the generated `inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml` file and adjust it so
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that controller-0, controller-1 and controller-2 are control plane nodes and
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worker-0, worker-1 and worker-2 are worker nodes. Also update the `ip` to the respective local VPC IP and
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remove the `access_ip`.
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The main configuration for the cluster is stored in
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`inventory/mycluster/group_vars/k8s-cluster/k8s-cluster.yml`. In this file we
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will update the `supplementary_addresses_in_ssl_keys` with a list of the IP
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addresses of the controller nodes. In that way we can access the
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kubernetes API server as an administrator from outside the VPC network. You
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can also see that the `kube_network_plugin` is by default set to 'calico'.
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If you set this to 'cloud', it did not work on GCP at the time of testing.
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Kubespray also offers to easily enable popular kubernetes add-ons. You can
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modify the
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list of add-ons in `inventory/mycluster/group_vars/k8s-cluster/addons.yml`.
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Let's enable the metrics server as this is a crucial monitoring element for
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the kubernetes cluster, just change the 'false' to 'true' for
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`metrics_server_enabled`.
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Now we will deploy the configuration:
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```ShellSession
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ansible-playbook -i inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml -u $USERNAME -b -v --private-key=~/.ssh/id_rsa cluster.yml
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```
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Ansible will now execute the playbook, this can take up to 20 minutes.
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## Access the kubernetes cluster
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We will leverage a kubeconfig file from one of the controller nodes to access
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the cluster as administrator from our local workstation.
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> In this simplified set-up, we did not include a load balancer that usually
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sits on top of the
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three controller nodes for a high available API server endpoint. In this
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simplified tutorial we connect directly to one of the three
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controllers.
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First, we need to edit the permission of the kubeconfig file on one of the
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controller nodes:
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```ShellSession
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ssh $USERNAME@$IP_CONTROLLER_0
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USERNAME=$(whoami)
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sudo chown -R $USERNAME:$USERNAME /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
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exit
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```
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Now we will copy over the kubeconfig file:
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```ShellSession
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scp $USERNAME@$IP_CONTROLLER_0:/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf kubespray-do.conf
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```
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This kubeconfig file uses the internal IP address of the controller node to
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access the API server. This kubeconfig file will thus not work of from
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outside of the VPC network. We will need to change the API server IP address
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to the controller node his external IP address. The external IP address will be
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accepted in the
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TLS negotation as we added the controllers external IP addresses in the SSL
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certificate configuration.
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Open the file and modify the server IP address from the local IP to the
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external IP address of controller-0, as stored in $IP_CONTROLLER_0.
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> Example
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```ShellSession
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apiVersion: v1
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clusters:
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- cluster:
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certificate-authority-data: XXX
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server: https://35.205.205.80:6443
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name: cluster.local
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...
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```
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Now, we load the configuration for `kubectl`:
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```ShellSession
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export KUBECONFIG=$PWD/kubespray-do.conf
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```
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We should be all set to communicate with our cluster from our local workstation:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl get nodes
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
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controller-0 Ready master 47m v1.17.9
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controller-1 Ready master 46m v1.17.9
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controller-2 Ready master 46m v1.17.9
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worker-0 Ready <none> 45m v1.17.9
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worker-1 Ready <none> 45m v1.17.9
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worker-2 Ready <none> 45m v1.17.9
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```
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## Smoke tests
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### Metrics
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Verify if the metrics server addon was correctly installed and works:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl top nodes
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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NAME CPU(cores) CPU% MEMORY(bytes) MEMORY%
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controller-0 191m 10% 1956Mi 26%
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controller-1 190m 10% 1828Mi 24%
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controller-2 182m 10% 1839Mi 24%
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worker-0 87m 4% 1265Mi 16%
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worker-1 102m 5% 1268Mi 16%
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worker-2 108m 5% 1299Mi 17%
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```
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Please note that metrics might not be available at first and need a couple of
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minutes before you can actually retrieve them.
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### Network
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Let's verify if the network layer is properly functioning and pods can reach
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each other:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl run myshell1 -it --rm --image busybox -- sh
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hostname -i
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# launch myshell2 in seperate terminal (see next code block) and ping the hostname of myshell2
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ping <hostname myshell2>
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```
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```ShellSession
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kubectl run myshell2 -it --rm --image busybox -- sh
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hostname -i
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ping <hostname myshell1>
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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PING 10.233.108.2 (10.233.108.2): 56 data bytes
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64 bytes from 10.233.108.2: seq=0 ttl=62 time=2.876 ms
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64 bytes from 10.233.108.2: seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.398 ms
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64 bytes from 10.233.108.2: seq=2 ttl=62 time=0.378 ms
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^C
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--- 10.233.108.2 ping statistics ---
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3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
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round-trip min/avg/max = 0.378/1.217/2.876 ms
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```
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### Deployments
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In this section you will verify the ability to create and manage [Deployments](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/).
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Create a deployment for the [nginx](https://nginx.org/en/) web server:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx
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```
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List the pod created by the `nginx` deployment:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
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nginx-86c57db685-bmtt8 1/1 Running 0 18s
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```
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#### Port Forwarding
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In this section you will verify the ability to access applications remotely using [port forwarding](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/port-forward-access-application-cluster/).
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Retrieve the full name of the `nginx` pod:
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```ShellSession
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POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
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```
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Forward port `8080` on your local machine to port `80` of the `nginx` pod:
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```ShellSession
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kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:80
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 80
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Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 80
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```
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In a new terminal make an HTTP request using the forwarding address:
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```ShellSession
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curl --head http://127.0.0.1:8080
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```
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> Output
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```ShellSession
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Server: nginx/1.19.1
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Date: Thu, 13 Aug 2020 11:12:04 GMT
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
Content-Length: 612
|
||||
Last-Modified: Tue, 07 Jul 2020 15:52:25 GMT
|
||||
Connection: keep-alive
|
||||
ETag: "5f049a39-264"
|
||||
Accept-Ranges: bytes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Switch back to the previous terminal and stop the port forwarding to the `nginx` pod:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:8080 -> 80
|
||||
Forwarding from [::1]:8080 -> 80
|
||||
Handling connection for 8080
|
||||
^C
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Logs
|
||||
|
||||
In this section you will verify the ability to [retrieve container logs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/logging/).
|
||||
|
||||
Print the `nginx` pod logs:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl logs $POD_NAME
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> Output
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
...
|
||||
127.0.0.1 - - [13/Aug/2020:11:12:04 +0000] "HEAD / HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "curl/7.64.1" "-"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Exec
|
||||
|
||||
In this section you will verify the ability to [execute commands in a container](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/#running-individual-commands-in-a-container).
|
||||
|
||||
Print the nginx version by executing the `nginx -v` command in the `nginx` container:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl exec -ti $POD_NAME -- nginx -v
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> Output
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
nginx version: nginx/1.19.1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Kubernetes services
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expose outside of the cluster
|
||||
|
||||
In this section you will verify the ability to expose applications using a [Service](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/).
|
||||
|
||||
Expose the `nginx` deployment using a [NodePort](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#type-nodeport) service:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port 80 --type NodePort
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> The LoadBalancer service type can not be used because your cluster is not configured with [cloud provider integration](https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/scratch/#cloud-provider). Setting up cloud provider integration is out of scope for this tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
Retrieve the node port assigned to the `nginx` service:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
NODE_PORT=$(kubectl get svc nginx \
|
||||
--output=jsonpath='{range .spec.ports[0]}{.nodePort}')
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create a firewall rule that allows remote access to the `nginx` node port:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
gcloud compute firewall-rules create kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-nginx-service \
|
||||
--allow=tcp:${NODE_PORT} \
|
||||
--network kubernetes-the-kubespray-way
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Retrieve the external IP address of a worker instance:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
EXTERNAL_IP=$(gcloud compute instances describe worker-0 \
|
||||
--format 'value(networkInterfaces[0].accessConfigs[0].natIP)')
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Make an HTTP request using the external IP address and the `nginx` node port:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
curl -I http://${EXTERNAL_IP}:${NODE_PORT}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> Output
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
Server: nginx/1.19.1
|
||||
Date: Thu, 13 Aug 2020 11:15:02 GMT
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
Content-Length: 612
|
||||
Last-Modified: Tue, 07 Jul 2020 15:52:25 GMT
|
||||
Connection: keep-alive
|
||||
ETag: "5f049a39-264"
|
||||
Accept-Ranges: bytes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Local DNS
|
||||
|
||||
We will now also verify that kubernetes built-in DNS works across namespaces.
|
||||
Create a namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl create namespace dev
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create an nginx deployment and expose it within the cluster:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx -n dev
|
||||
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port 80 --type ClusterIP -n dev
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run a temporary container to see if we can reach the service from the default
|
||||
namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl run curly -it --rm --image curlimages/curl:7.70.0 -- /bin/sh
|
||||
curl --head http://nginx.dev:80
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
> Output
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
Server: nginx/1.19.1
|
||||
Date: Thu, 13 Aug 2020 11:15:59 GMT
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
Content-Length: 612
|
||||
Last-Modified: Tue, 07 Jul 2020 15:52:25 GMT
|
||||
Connection: keep-alive
|
||||
ETag: "5f049a39-264"
|
||||
Accept-Ranges: bytes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Type `exit` to leave the shell.
|
||||
|
||||
## Cleaning Up
|
||||
|
||||
### Kubernetes resources
|
||||
|
||||
Delete the dev namespace, the nginx deployment and service:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
kubectl delete namespace dev
|
||||
kubectl delete deployment nginx
|
||||
kubectl delete svc/ngninx
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Kubernetes state
|
||||
|
||||
Note: you can skip this step if you want to entirely remove the machines.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to keep the VMs and just remove the cluster state, you can simply
|
||||
run another Ansible playbook:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
ansible-playbook -i inventory/mycluster/hosts.yaml -u $USERNAME -b -v --private-key=~/.ssh/id_rsa reset.yml
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Resetting the cluster to the VMs original state usually takes about a couple
|
||||
of minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
### Compute instances
|
||||
|
||||
Delete the controller and worker compute instances:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
gcloud -q compute instances delete \
|
||||
controller-0 controller-1 controller-2 \
|
||||
worker-0 worker-1 worker-2 \
|
||||
--zone $(gcloud config get-value compute/zone)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- markdownlint-disable no-duplicate-heading -->
|
||||
### Network
|
||||
<!-- markdownlint-enable no-duplicate-heading -->
|
||||
|
||||
Delete the fixed IP addresses (assuming you named them equal to the VM names),
|
||||
if any:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
gcloud -q compute addresses delete controller-0 controller-1 controller-2 \
|
||||
worker-0 worker-1 worker-2
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Delete the `kubernetes-the-kubespray-way` firewall rules:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
gcloud -q compute firewall-rules delete \
|
||||
kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-nginx-service \
|
||||
kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-internal \
|
||||
kubernetes-the-kubespray-way-allow-external
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Delete the `kubernetes-the-kubespray-way` network VPC:
|
||||
|
||||
```ShellSession
|
||||
gcloud -q compute networks subnets delete kubernetes
|
||||
gcloud -q compute networks delete kubernetes-the-kubespray-way
|
||||
```
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue